Si! Certo! There is even some contemporary art.

Generally speaking, your best bet for seeing modern era artworks would be to pay a visit to the Museo di Novecento in Florence.  You can read about it and see some works here.  

For a rundown on the modern sculpture that appears here and there throughout the city, see:

https://www.arttrav.com/florence/public-art-florence/?fbclid=IwAR0zMSjA0o2TMa-hnAI1mp62oPkVp7zl5y7NxT53M3ZcHby1eYc-kKxHauc

 

There’s some modern era architecture around the city too, see here and here.

One of my favorite sculptures around town is an Art Deco treatment of the Madonna and Child; its on a building near the Palazzo Vecchio.