Recently Restituted Nazi-Looted Paintings to Be Auctioned by Christie’s

No words needed, right?

Walking along the lovely Viale del Poggio Imperiale recently in Florence, it only seemed fitting that I spotted two Italian classics. The beloved Cinquecento from yesteryear and one from today. Coincidentally they were both in midnight blue.

• 

• 

• 

• 

I need to start a new list: Places I want to visit in and around Florence when Covid is under control. Here’s number 1 on my new list:

1. Villa del Poggio Imperiale

I’m not sure how I have missed visiting this Unesco site, but I have. Now, during Covid restrictions, nothing is open. But, hopefully by this fall, things will be different. When they are, I’m making a bee line for this Villa.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Poggio_Imperiale

Today the villa is a boarding school for some very lucky girls:

In the meantime, let me tell you a little about this place, mostly taken from Wikipedia. But first, here are my photos taken on a springtime walk I took up to the grounds of the villa. I started my walk at the Porta Romana and walked the 20 minutes or so UPHILL along the Viale del Poggio Imperiale:

Villa del Poggio Imperiale (Villa of the Imperial Hill) lies on the Arcetri hill, on the Viale dei Colli system in Florence.

There are

• 

• 

Although the villa was originally constructed during the Quattrocento, today it is less Medieval or Renaissance in its appearance, but is notable as an exemplar of the Baroque period for its interior decoration and of the Neoclassical style for its exterior.

The Villa is one of the few Medici villas open to the public as a museum, every Sunday morning (except school holidays and Covid disruptions).

Its documented history begins in the 15th century, when a small villa on the site known as “Villa del Poggio Baroncelli” was built by the Florentine merchant Jacopo Baroncelli. In 1548 the villa was sold to Pietro Salviati; his was an ancient noble Florentine family. Pietro embellished the property, adding Andrea del Sarto’s Assumption of the Virgin to the villa’s chapel.

In 1565, at Pietro’s death, the Salviati property was confiscated by Duke Cosimo I, who gave the villa to his daughter Isabella de’ Medici, who was married to Paolo Giordano Orsini, duke of Bracciano. Isabella held her stylish and intellectual court at this elegant retreat. Following Isabella’s murder by her husband in 1576, the villa passed to her son Don Virginio Orsini, duke of Bracciano.

In 1618 the villa was purchased by Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria, wife of the future Grand Duke Cosimo II, and was completely rebuilt between 1622 and 1625 to the design of the architect Giulio Parigi. The villa was doubled in size with a large corps de logis flanked by two canted lower wings. The interior of the villa was decorated to the Grand Duchess’ requirements by the artist Matteo Rosselli. It was at this time that the Villa was linked to the city by a monumental tree-lined avenue and given its “Imperial” title “Villa del Poggio Imperiale” — Maria Magdalena was the sister of the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II.

To connect the villa to the city, a long straight monumental avenue was created, which still cuts through the Monticelli hill reaching Porta Romana, which was then called the “Porta San Pier Gattolino.” This avenue was bordered by a cypress forest, while at the lower entrance there were four large fish ponds with sculptures and heraldic insignia, which were removed in 1773. In 1624 it took the name of Poggio Imperiale to mark the noble origins of the Grand Duchess Maria Maddalena who stayed.

The building work was very costly, as was the near simultaneous work at the Palazzo Pitti. The Medicis’ finances had deteriorated since the time of Cosimo the Elder, and the Grand Duke’s decision to close what few branches remained of the Medici Bank at this time meant that the people of Tuscany were forced to pay increased taxes to finance the building projects.

Following the death of Cosimo II and the joint regency of Maria Magdalena and her mother-in-law Christine of Lorraine, the extravagances and unprecedented luxury of the court at the Villa del Poggio Imperiale and the Palazzo Pitti severely depleted the Medici finances.

In 1659 the estate was acquired by Ferdinand II and his wife Vittoria Della Rovere, who had the Villa further enlarged and embellished with marbles and intarsia. However it was to be under the successors to the Medici, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine that the Villa was to reach its zenith.

On 2 April 1770 the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart held the only concert in Florence in the villa with the violinist Pietro Nardini, as a plaque in the entrance portico recalls. He played in a small room next to the Salone delle Feste (now called “Mozart’s Hall” and is now used as a room for the girls of the boarding school and therefore impossible to see) on a harpsichord unfortunately impossible to see for safety reasons (it is very old and risks losing its color if it is exposed).

The Villa was again redesigned and renovated in 1776 by Gaspare Maria Paoletti for Leopold II. The work was prolonged over 15 years and included much stucco and plaster work to the interior. Extra wings were created and various secondary facades were redesigned in the neoclassical style; only the principal facade remained unaltered.

It was decorated inside by Matteo Rosselli and assistants, with themes related to the house of Austria and biblical heroines, at the specific request of the Grand Duchess, and these works are still among the masterpieces of this artist.

The Villa was always a secondary home for Tuscany’s ruling families, favored during spring and autumn. Conveniently close to the court, which resided at the Palazzo Pitti, and surrounded by an estate of 17 farms, it was a rural retreat from the city. However, it was always only one of several villas and palaces available to the Grand Ducal family, and its popularity and use waxed and waned. At the end of the 18th century, Grand Duke Ferdinand III leased the villa to King Charles Emanuel IV of Sardinia. Charles Emanuel lived here for just a month from 17 January 1799. It was at the Villa that on meeting Count Vittorio Alfieri (companion of Louise Stuart, wife of the “Young Pretender” Charles Edward Stuart, claimant to the British throne), Charles Emanuel uttered the much-quoted phrase “Voici votre tyran!” (Behold your tyrant).

The present monumental principal facade was created in 1807 for the newly elevated Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Elisa Bonaparte. The architect chosen was Giuseppe Cacialli, who designed the great facade using drawings by Paoletti’s admirer and imitator Pasquale Poccianti, an architect better known for his later work the Cisternoni of Livorno.

Neoclassicism was a style which evolved as a contrasting reaction to the more ornate Baroque and Rococo styles which preceded it. It was not a trend to make pastiches of classical designs but a force creating a new form of architecture based on simple but rational forms with clear and ordered plans. Milan became the centre of Italy’s neoclassical architecture. The works of Leopoldo Pollack, in particular his Villa Belgiojoso, and Giuseppe Piermarini, was similar to the neoclassicism found from London to Munich. However, in Italy, outside Milan these new ideals were often more pronounced and more severe than in northern Europe. Florence was for once the birthplace of a new architectural form, and the facades of the Villa del Poggio Imperiale are austere even by the standards of Italian neoclassicism.

The facade is severe and plain, the only variation and ornament being the five-bayed projecting central block. This block has a rusticated ground floor pierced by five arches leading to the inner courtyard. On the first floor is a glazed loggia, also of five bays. This block of only two floors crowned by a low pediment is flanked by two symmetrical wings of even greater severity. Each of two floors with a low mezzanine above are the same height as the central pedimented block, which is given extra prominence by raised parapet behind the pediment.

The severities of the exterior of the Villa were compensated for by the exuberance of the interior. A series of large salons were decorated with plaster work in the classical styles. The chapel, frescoed by Francesco Curradi, remained unaltered from the 17th century.

From 1849 the political history of Florence and Tuscany was troubled. Leopold II, the last ruling Grand Duke, was replaced by a republican constitution. The Grand Duke, although later appointed a constitutional head of the republic, was forced to abdicate. On 27 April 1859, the Grand Duchy ceased to exist and the last ruling Grand Duke of Tuscany and his family peacefully quit Florence. It had been a bloodless overthrow and the family left with “respectful farewell greetings of the people.” Tuscany now became part of the short lived United Provinces of Central Italy.

On 5 March 1860, Tuscany voted in a referendum to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This was an important step in the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) which was to follow shortly. In 1865, Florence became for a brief period the capital of a united Italy. The Palazzo Pitti became the Italian royal palace. The new King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II, with many palaces at his disposal and an obligation to travel across Italy in the interests of the unification, had little need for a second large palace, such as Villa del Poggio Imperiale, in such close proximity to the Palazzo Pitti.

The unwanted and, by now, fairly neglected villa, now in the ownership of the state, became an exclusive girls’ boarding school, the Istituto Statale della Ss. Annunziata. The school had been founded under the patronage of Leopold II and his wife, Maria Anna of Saxony in 1823, to provide education for the daughters of the Florentine nobility. Its original home in the Via della Scala in the center of the city was required for government offices, so in 1865 a simple exchange was made. The school has occupied the building ever since. In January 2004, the school’s use of the villa was formalized in an official government announcement that granted the school free use of the state-owned property in perpetuity.

Only the state rooms, some of them with frescoes by Matteo Rosselli, are open by appointment to the public.

The only remaining part of the original 15th-century Villa di Poggio Baroncelli is the small courtyard. This, the smallest of the Villa’s three courtyards, is sited immediately though the main entrance. Here, four cloister-like corridors illuminated by segmental windows provide abundant light. The corridors are adorned with antique busts placed on ledges and niches constructed in the eighteenth century. This decoration and embellishment of a substantial collection of antique busts was made by Vittoria della Rovere, who brought the sculptures to Florence to embellish the Villa.

On the first floor, one of the most prominent additions to the villa was the development of the Salone delle feste, built between 1776 and 1783, and decorated with embellished stucco reliefs which are predominantly white in color.

In one of the adjacent “Chinese” wings, are four rooms decorated circa 1775 with Chinese hand-crafted wallpaper, which came from Canton workshops, specialized for export, and represented the important influence of the chinoiserie style then being experienced throughout Europe. The refined paintings of the China wing represent an idealized world of flowers, exotic birds and scenes of daily Chinese life, often borrowed from the period literature depicting Chinese life and culture.

A fifth room contained, originally, 88 pictures (about 20 × 30 cm each) which were displayed with these various scenes from Chinese life. These probably came from a collection that was in the villa from about 1784. Today, only about twenty are displayed, with their repair and reconditioning being underway in an ongoing restoration project, which will eventually recreate their original layout.

Many Chinese paintings, probably from the same source as those of the Villa, were given by Leopold II of Austria to his sister Maria Caroline, who became Queen consort, and de facto ruler, of Naples and Sicily. A portion of these painting were taken by her to Palermo where they remain today in the Royal Palace and Palazzina Cinese.

The original 1487 plan of the Poggio Imperiale bears little resemblance to the present day neoclassical layout. Over the centuries the change of ownership marked a slow transformation from provincial country manor to grand, imperial villa. The Grand Duchess immediately commissioned the building’s “restoration, enlargement, and embellishment.”

The commission was granted to the architect Giulio Parigi, who between 1622 and 1625, introduced a more ornate Baroque style, and the later version of Baroque, Rococo. This was achieved with an expanded floor plan, lengthening the facades and elevations. These longer facades were in the late 18th century deprived of their Baroque ornament to create the chaste austere neoclassical architecture seen at the villa today.

A further period of enhancement took place when the villa passed to the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere, who created the ground-floor rooms situated at the crest of the inner courtyard designed by Giacinto Maria Marmi. Between 1681 and 1683, the courtyard and its surrounding loggias were further re-designed by the architect Giovanni Battista Foggini.

Between 1766-1783, the architect Gaspare Paoletti, during the third and final renovation of the villa, accomplished the definitive restructuring of the villa to twice its previous size. Paoletti added the two flanking inner courtyards to the central courtyard, and also designed the rear facade and the great ballroom on the piano nobile. This was embellished with the notable stuccowork by Giocondo and Grato Albertolli.

The principal facade, however, was not to be transformed until ownership of the villa passed to Maria Louisa of Bourbon, the Queen of Etruria, who in 1806 assigned the project to the architect Pasquale Poccianti. Poccianti extended this effort of complete neoclassical transformation (of the facade) to include a rusticated five-bay portico flanked by a theater and a chapel. The facade was completed under the eventual ownership of Napoleon’s sister Elisa Baciocchi, then the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, who hired the architect Giuseppe Cacialli to freely adapt the completion of Poccianti’s original plans. The free adaptation by Cacialli allowed him to supplement the original piano nobile with luminous peristyle including stuccowork and wall paintings. With the return of the House of Lorraine in 1814, the previously designed chapel and guard house were at last built, and a number of rooms were embellished by the painters Domenico Nani and Giorgio Angiolini.

With the extensive redesign and renovation in the eighteenth century, many of the original chapels in the Villa were lost. Today, only the Chapel of the Annunciation remains which the architect Giuseppe Cacialli included as part of the 1820 neoclassical renovation.

The design of the chapel is divided into three naves with a semicircular tribune. The redesign preserved the pre-existing eighteenth century decorations and embellishments which included statues of the Virtues in separate niches, as well as stucco friezes depicting biblical scenes on the walls and ceiling dome in tempura depicting the Assumption of the Virgin by Francesco Ninci.

The remarkable wealth of the works of art and opulent reliquary of priestly use held in the chapel have been expertly cataloged and documented in the short volume by Brigida D’Avanzo in Italian titled: “Oggetti di arte sacra alla Villa del Poggio Imperiale Firenze” in 1990. Two of the dozens of exceptional holdings in the chapel include the “Il Ritrovamento della Croce” of 1686 attributed to Luca Giordano, and the “Madonna col Bambino e S. Giovannino” of the sixteenth century attributed to the school of Puligo. A short essay in the D’Avanzo volume by Rosanna Caterina Proto Pisani documents several dozen of the objects of art held in the chapel. The extensive history of the relation of these exceptional holdings together with their cross-listing and shared use with the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, along with the art holdings identified with the Villa in general, has yet to be completely studied as a separate subject of the relation between the Villa and the Uffizi Gallery.

From 1865, the villa became a girl’s boarding school, the Santissima Annunziata (transferred from the former monastery of the Santissima Concezione in via della Scala) and today it still houses the same school. Now it is a secondary school of I and II degree and open to students of both sexes.

Inside it also preserves a small museum with period scientific collections.

• 

• 

• 

• 

These pictures above show the beautiful Viale del Poggio Imperiale as it descends from the Villa, back to the center of town.

At the base of the Viale are the other 2 cats that match the bright, white marble ones shown at the top of this post. Unfortunately, these at the base of the Viale are a little less well-kept.

• 

And then, at the foot of the Viale, we run into the Porta Romana entrance to the historic center of Florence. If you look to the left of the statue, just behind her, you will see the Viale starting its ascent to the Villa. The statue is by Michelangelo Pistoletto, entitled Pietro-Front or “turnabout” from 1984.

• 

•